IELTS Reading: Tsunami

Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions(including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.

Tsunami waves do not resemble normal sea waves, because their wavelength is far longer. Rather than appearing as a breaking wave, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising tide, and for this reason they are often referred to as tidal waves. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves with periods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called “wave train”. Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous and they can affect entire ocean basins; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with over 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean.

The Greek historian Thucydides suggested in 426 BC that tsunamis were related to submarine earthquakes, but the understanding of a tsunami’s nature remained slim until the 20th century and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include trying to determine why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do; trying to accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across the oceans; and also to forecast how tsunami waves would interact with specific shorelines.

Vocabulary:

wave: sóng
=> a disturbance on the surface of a liquid body, as the sea or a lake, in the form of a moving ridge or swell.

displacement: sự dịch chuyển
=> the state of being displaced or the amount or degree to whichsomething is displaced.

a large volume: âm lượng lớn
=> big the level of sound produced by a television, radio, etc

eruption: phun trào
=> to happen suddenly or violently

disturbance: rối loạn
=> something that interrupts what you are doing, especially something loud or annoying

resemble: giống
=> to look like or be like someone or something

forecast:dự báo
=> a report saying what is likely to happen in the future

shorelines: bờ biển
=> the edge of a sea, lake, or wide river